Most medical experts agree that it’s incredibly unlikely to fatally overdose on cannabis. According to data found in a study on the general population, cannabis use isn’t necessarily associated with increased mortality among adults and children. [1] However, this doesn’t make overdose impossible especially considering the high tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of some cannabis varieties, edibles or synthetic derivatives.
Cannabis intoxication or overdose is dose-related, meaning how likely a person is to overdose depends on how much THC is absorbed into the body. The amount absorbed depends on the administration route and the THC concentration of the used cannabis.
Even though many people promote cannabis use as harmless and non-dangerous, acute and chronic intoxication or overdose can occur. Using cannabis is not without its risks. Keep reading to know more about cannabis overdose, including symptoms, signs, and treatments. [2]
Overdosing on Cannabis
A recent study investigating data from the National Program on Substance Abuse Deaths reported that deaths following cannabis use alone were incredibly rare, comprising only 4% of cases.
Even though very few people die from ingesting or smoking too much cannabis, individuals can become extremely sick and require hospital care. In most instances, when deaths occur this is typically caused by the actions of an individual while under the effects of cannabis intoxication.
In addition, scientists consider certain forms of cannabis and consumption methods are more likely to cause overdoses. For example, smoking cannabis allows for the effects to be felt quickly, while ingesting cannabis in food and drinks can cause a delay in the effects experienced, leading to people overconsuming.
Moreover, those who consume hash oil, dabs, butter, and other cannabis concentrates are more likely to experience cannabis toxicity than those who don’t because of the high levels of THC found in these products.
Furthermore, numerous synthetic cannabinoids that malicious growers sell under the names Black Mamba, K2, and Spice can cause cannabis intoxication and even fatal overdose. [3]
The Signs and Symptoms of Cannabis Overdose
According to the World Health Organization, cannabis is the most widely abused, cultivated, and trafficked drug globally, accounting for over half of all drug seizures. [4] Cannabis seizures are conducted in nearly every country in the world every year.
This is unsurprising, considering around 147 million people, about 2.5 percent of the world’s population, use cannabis. Unfortunately, many people use cannabis without realizing that there are such risks as cannabis poisoning and toxicity.
Since cannabis overdose is possible, it’s an excellent idea to learn more about the signs and symptoms that indicate if cannabis poisoning or toxicity is occurring. This is especially true for those who are frequent users of medicinal or recreational cannabis. Below are a few of the key signs and symptoms that indicate cannabis overdose:
- Decreased perception, judgment, and coordination;
- Extreme panic attacks or anxiety;
- Psychotic reactions including paranoia, loss of personal identity, hallucinations;
- Headaches or migraines;
- Vomiting;
- Suicidal ideation;
- Pale skin color and unresponsiveness;
- High blood pressure, chest pain, and a fast heart rate;
- Uncontrollable seizures, shaking, or muscle movements.
These symptoms and signs of cannabis intoxication last between one and three hours, depending on the type of cannabis and how it was consumed. Symptoms like the ones described above shouldn’t be ignored simply because they originated from cannabis use. Always seek medical care if it becomes necessary.
What Are The Cannabis Overdose Treatments?
Unfortunately, there is no antidote for THC or synthetic cannabinoid overdose. Those seeking medical treatment for a cannabis overdose will have their symptoms managed and risk factors identified and treated to uncomplicate recovery.
In cases where paranoia or psychosis has occurred, medical professionals will treat the patient with various medications while providing a soothing, calming, and reassuring environment for recovery. However, in cases where chest pain is present, one may use an electrocardiogram to mitigate the risk of a heart attack. [5]
In addition, in the case of severe cannabis overdose or overdose with psychotic symptoms, an individual will likely be admitted to the intensive care unit or placed on a 24-hour psychiatric hold until the cannabis induced adverse effects have been mitigated.
What To Do in case of Cannabis Overdose?
- Call 911 and speak to a paramedic when they arrive. Be honest about the cannabis you have consumed so that they can give you the best possible treatment.
- If you can, go to the nearest emergency room with the person overdosing. You should never drive if you are experiencing a cannabis overdose.
- Stay with the person overdosing to monitor their help and if they should seek medical care.
- Contact someone to help you if you suspect you could be overdosing on cannabis.
How Do You Prevent Cannabis Overdose?
Those wishing to prevent a cannabis overdose or intoxication should consider the following preventative measures:
- Lower the amount of cannabis used daily;
- Abstain from cannabis use altogether;
- Stay hydrated when using cannabis;
- You should be aware of a lowered tolerance if you stop or lower the cannabis use;
- Beware of using cannabis with other drugs – especially alcohol and opioids;
- One should avoid synthetic strains and ‘cut’ with other chemicals or drugs cannabis;
- Learn more about the health conditions that could worsen with cannabis use;
- Seek professional help for marijuana addiction if you notice an addiction.
Wrap-Up On Cannabis Overdose
Ultimately, cannabis overdose is rare. Very few people experience it and are far more likely to experience a mild cannabis intoxication. In most instances, cannabis intoxication doesn’t require medical intervention or ongoing treatment, but this isn’t always the case. That’s why it’s imperative to seek medical treatment if you feel your health is at risk and that you could be experiencing a cannabis overdose.
References:
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2023
- Treatment of acute cannabinoid overdose with Naloxone infusion. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved April 18, 2023
- Cooper, Z. D. (2016, May). Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids: Management of acute toxicity and withdrawal. Current psychiatry reports. Retrieved April 18, 2023
- World Health Organization. (n.d.). Cannabis. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 18, 2023
- Mugnai, G., Longo, C., Zaltron, C., Prevedello, F., Segalina, P., & Bilato, C. (2019, November 29). Transient electrocardiographic changes following smoking cannabis. Journal of arrhythmia. Retrieved April 18, 2023
